Sustainability Assurance, Carbon Emission Disclosure, and Green Investment: Their Effects on Market Reactions with Financial Performance as a Moderator (Empirical Study of Energy Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2023 Period)

Authors

  • Nurul Hasanah Universitas Pamulang
  • Endang Ruhiyat Universitas Pamulang
  • Suripto Universitas Pamulang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59890/ijels.v3i12.237

Keywords:

Market Reaction, Sustainability Assurance, Carbon Emission Disclosure, Green Investment, Financial Performance.

Abstract

This research investigates whether product strategy, price, and branding contribute to shaping the product life cycle of Central Batik products at the Heritage Rest Area KM 260B Banjaratma. The research approach used is a quantitative method with a purposive random sampling technique, where the sample consists of 70 respondents who are consumers who have visited the Central Batik Rest Area Heritage KM 260B Banjaratma. Data were obtained using Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed through multiple linear regression to evaluate both separate and joint variable effects. The results demonstrate that Product Strategy, Price, and Branding collectively and positively influence the Product Life Cycle, supported by a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05). This evidence highlights that aligning product strategy and pricing while fostering customer satisfaction can reinforce the positioning and competitive advantage of Central Batik at the Heritage Rest Area KM 260B Banjaratm.

References

Abdullah, K., Jannah, M., Aiman, U., Hasda, S., Fadilla, Z., Taqwin, M., Masita, M., Ardiawan, K. N., & Sari, M. E. (2022). Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif. N. Saputra (Ed.). Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.

Accounting Binus. (2021, August 6). Memahami uji autokorelasi dalam model regresi. BINUS University. https://accounting.binus.ac.id/2021/08/06/memahami-uji-autokorelasi-dalam-model-regresi/

Agung, A. A. P., & Yuesti, A. (2019). Buku Metode Penelitian Bisnis Kuantitatif Dan Kualitatif

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park: Sage Publications

Aini, A. N., Sukmadilaga, C., & Ghani, E. K. (2023). Green bonds, investor attention and stock market reaction: evidence from ASEAN countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(6), 334–343

Ainy, R. N., Aisa, N. N., & Ibarrondo Dávila, M. D. P. (2024). Indonesian Market Response to Green Investment

Andreas, Lako. 2011. Dekontruksi CSR dan Reformasi Paradigma Bisnis dan Akuntansi. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Asyari, S., & Arieftiara, D. (2022). Investors React to Disclosure of Carbon Emissions and Environmental Performance. International Journal of Contemporary Accounting, 4(1), 59-76.

Asyari, S., & Hernawati, E. (2023). Pengaruh pengungkapan emisi karbon dan kinerja lingkungan terhadap reaksi investor dengan media exposure sebagai variabel moderasi. Jurnal Akuntansi Trisakti, 10(2), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.25105/jat.v10i2.15899

Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173

Bondar, M., Steinmann, J., Davis, K., Sullivan, K., Chakravorti, B., Singh, D. P., & Schena, P. (2023). 2023 Global investor ESG survey: Earning trust with investors through better sustainability data. Deloitte Insights. https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/issues/climate/earning-trust-with-investors-through-better-sustainability-data.html

Candy, & Novia, J. (2023). Pengaruh green investment dalam financial performance: Efek moderasi dari environmental policy. Widya Cipta: Jurnal Sekretari dan Manajemen, 7(2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.31294/widyacipta.v7i2.15567

Cheng, G., Jondeau, E., Mojon, B., & Vayanos, D. (2024). The impact of green investors on stock prices (No. w32317). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Choi, B. B., Lee, D., & Psaros, J. (2013). An analysis of Australian company Carbon Emission Disclosures. Pacific Accounting Review, 25(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581311318968

Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4–5), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003

Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310388419

Dewi, A., Yuniati, N., Suhardjito, G., Atika, & Wulandari, S. (2024). Pengaruh Carbon Emission Disclosure terhadap reaksi pasar modal. Seminar Nasional Maritim Sains Teknologi Terapan (MASTER) 2024, 9(1), 41–49. Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya.

Dilla, W., Janvrin, D., Perkins, J., & Raschke, R. (2023). The influence of sustainability assurance report format and level on nonprofessional investors’ judgments. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 14(6), 1209–1241.

Duhita, A., Munandar, A., & Sarundayang, J. I. (2022). Pengaruh Roe, Cr, Der Dan Tato Terhadap Reaksi Pasar Periode Tahun 2019-2020 Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. EKOBIS: Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen dan Akuntansi, 10(1), 1-15.

Elvianto, & Kartikasari, D. (2015). Analisis data panel untuk menguji pengaruh estimasi biaya produksi terhadap harga jual pada workshop PT Multi Karya Bajatama. Jurnal Akuntansi, Ekonomi dan Manajemen Bisnis, 3(1), 10–20.

Ernst, C. A., Kunz, J., Fischer, T. M., & Ludwig, L. M. (2025). Investors’ reactions to CSR reputation and disclosure assurance: An experimental analysis. Journal of Management and Governance. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-024-09734-8

Fadilla, Z. (2022). Langkah-langkah pokok dalam penelitian. Dalam K. Abdullah et al. (Ed.), Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (hlm. 43–62). Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.

Fajri, F. N., & Asyik, N. F. (2022). Pengaruh kinerja keuangan terhadap reaksi pasar dengan corporate social responsibility sebagai variabel moderating. Jiaku: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 1(2), 120–141. https://doi.org/10.24034/jiaku.v1i2.5348

Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383–417. https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486

Firmansyah, A., Jadi, P. H., Febrian, W., & Fasita, E. (2021). Respon pasar atas pengungkapan emisi karbon di Indonesia: bagaimana peran tata kelola perusahaan. Jurnal Magister Akuntansi Trisakti, 8(2).

Flammer, C. (2021). Corporate green bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.01.010

Flammer, C. (2023). ESG and sustainable investing. NBER Reporter, (3), 23–26. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/300089

Fujii, H., Iwata, K., Kaneko, S., & Managi, S. (2012). Corporate environmental and economic performance of Japanese manufacturing firms: Empirical study for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 22(3), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1747

Ghozali, I. (2017). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25 (Edisi 9). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Ghozali, I., & Ratmono, D. (2017). Analisis multivariat dan ekonometrika: Teori, konsep, dan aplikasi dengan EViews 10 (Edisi 2). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Gusman, A., & Sari, D. (2024). Pengaruh kinerja keuangan metode DuPont System terhadap return saham perusahaan batu bara pada Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(6), 5200–5214.

Hargrave, M. (2025, May 11). DuPont Analysis: Definition, uses, formulas, and examples. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dupontanalysis.asp

Higgins, R. C. (2012). Analysis for Financial Management (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Hoelscher, S., & Nikolov, A. N. (2022). The impact of voluntary sustainability reporting on firm value: Evidence from North America. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 50(3), 456–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00879-2

Hoidiningrum, N. R., & Amanah, L. (2019). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan terhadap Reaksi Pasar pada Perusahaan yang Melakukan Akuisisi. Jurnal Ilmu dan Riset Akuntansi (JIRA), 8(5).

Humas Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. (2025, 21 Mei). Presiden Prabowo tegaskan energi dan pangan adalah kunci kedaulatan bangsa. Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. https://setkab.go.id/presiden-prabowo-tegaskan-energi-dan-pangan-adalah-kunci-kedaulatan-bangsa/

Hutami, R. N., & Ardiyanto, M. D. (2015). Abnormal return dan trading volume activity sebelum dan setelah pemilihan presiden secara langsung 9 Juli 2014 (Studi kasus pada saham LQ-45). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 4(2), 1–15.

IBM. (n.d.). Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). Diakses tanggal 1 Juni 2025, dari https://www.ibm.com/id-id/topics/carbon-disclosure-project

Indonesia Stock Exchange. (n.d.). Beranda. Bursa Efek Indonesia. https://www.idx.co.id/

International Energy Agency. (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023

Jaya, M. O. M., & Nugraheni, B. D. (2024). Pengaruh kinerja lingkungan dan pengungkapan emisi karbon terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Akuntansi, 13(1).

Junior, R. M., Best, P. J., & Cotter, J. (2014). Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1637-y

Karimuddin. (2022). Penelitian kuantitatif. Dalam K. Abdullah et al. (Ed.), Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (hlm. 1–12). Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.

Kelvin, C., Pasoloran, O., & Randa, F. (2019). Mekanisme Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon dan Reaksi Investor. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 14(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.24843/JIAB.2019.v14.i02.p02

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2023). Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia (HEESI) 2022. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian ESDM. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/publikasi/statistik

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2024, 11 Juli). Kementerian ESDM Gelar Diseminasi HEESI 2023. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-gelar-diseminasi-heesi-2023

Khairunnisa, D. P., & Widiastuty, E. (2023). Pengaruh Kinerja ESG Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan. Aksioma: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 12(3), 123–135.

Khalil, M. dan J. Simon. 2014. Efficient Contracting, Earnings Smooting and Managerial

Klibi, E., Damak, S., & Elwafi, O. (2024). The impact of Sustainability Assurance levels on market capitalization: The case of French firms. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting.

Kolk, A., & Perego, P. (2010). Determinants of the adoption of Sustainability Assurance statements: An international investigation. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(3), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.643

Kristin, R. (2024). Teori sinyal dan cara mengaplikasikan dalam investasi. EkonomiManajemen. https://ekonomimanajemen.com/teori-sinyal-dan-cara-mengaplikasikan-dalam-investasi/

Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia. (2025). Statistik Pasar Modal Indonesia per Maret 2025. Diakses dari https://www.ksei.co.id

Ladista, R. D., Lindrianasari, & Syaipudin, U. (2023). Determinan pengungkapan emisi karbon dan pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja keuangan. Owner: Riset & Jurnal Akuntansi, 7(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i3.1535

Laksani, S., Andesto, R., & Kirana, D. (2021). Carbon Emission Disclosure Ditinjau dari Nilai Perusahaan, Leverage dan Media Exposure. Studi Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 3(2), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.21632/saki.3.2.145-164

Lestari, N. A. Y., & Ardini, L. (2021). Analisa Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Reaksi Pasar Pada Perusahaan Property, Real Estate And Building Construction. Jurnal Ilmu dan Riset Akuntansi (JIRA), 10(12).

Lestari, S. Y., & Nuryatno, M. (2018). Factors affecting the audit delay and its impact on abnormal return in Indonesia Stock Exchange. International Journal of economics and finance, 10(2), 48.

Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British Accounting Review, 47(4), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2014.01.002

Maharani, A., Agustia, D., & Qomariyah, A. (2024). The impacts of Green Investment and firm value: Exploring from the mediation role of sustainability performance. Universitas Airlangga. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5243226/v1

Mardani. (2019, March 19). Uji asumsi klasik untuk regresi data panel. mjurnal.com. https://discover.mjurnal.com/uji-asumsi-klasik-untuk-regresi-data-panel/

Masita. (2022). Populasi dan sampel penelitian. Dalam K. Abdullah et al. (Ed.), Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (hlm. 79–86). Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini.

Matondang, Z., & Nasution, H. F. (2022). Praktik analisis data: Pengolahan ekonometrika dengan Eviews dan SPSS. Merdeka Kreasi Group.

Michelon, G., Pilonato, S., & Ricceri, F. (2015). CSR reporting practices and the quality of disclosure: An empirical analysis. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 33, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2014.10.003

Muthmainnah. (2023). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Harga Saham. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan (JIAKu), 2(4), 389–402

Ngatimin, N., Suripto, S., & Rosini, I. (2023). Pengaruh Departemen Corporate Social Responsibility, Operasi Internasional, Konsentrasi Kepemilikan, Dan Umur Aset Terhadap Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon Pada Emiten Pertambangan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Indonesia (JABISI), 4(2), 91-104.

Nuradilah, A., Rahayu, N., Octavia, P., Meilani, T., & Suherman, U. (2024). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Keputusan Investasi Perusahaan. Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(12), 45–56.

Ogbonna, A. E., & Olubusoye, O. E. (2022). Connectedness of Green Investments and uncertainties: new evidence from emerging markets. Fulbright Review of Economics and Policy, 2(2), 136–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/FREP-04-2022-0028

Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2017). Peraturan OJK Nomor 51/POJK.03/2017 tentang Penerapan Keuangan Berkelanjutan bagi Lembaga Jasa Keuangan, Emiten, dan Perusahaan Publik.

Pambuko, Z. B., & Masrini, N. L. (2023). Eviews: Analisis data keuangan untuk penelitian mahasiswa ekonomi. Unimma Press.

Pandey, D. K., Al‐ahdal, W. M., & Hashim, H. A. (2024). Stock market reaction to mandatory sustainability assurance reporting: Does carbon‐intensity and environmental, social, and governance reputation matter? Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(8), 9116–9140.

PGEO. (2023, April 18). Pendapatan baru PGEO dari carbon credit berpotensi tumbuh signifikan. IDX Channel. https://www.idxchannel.com/market-news/pendapatan-baru-pgeo-dari-carbon-credit-berpotensi-tumbuh-signifikan

Pratama Institute. (2024, Desember 19). Praktik Pelaporan Keberlanjutan dan Asurans di Indonesia. https://pratamainstitute.com/praktik-pelaporan-keberlanjutan-dan-asurans-di-indonesia/

Pratama Institute. (2024, Maret 23). Assurance dalam Sustainability Report. https://pratamainstitute.com/assurance-dalam-sustainability-report/

PT Bursa Efek Indonesia. (2023, September 26). Siaran pers. https://www.idx.co.id/id/berita/siaran-pers/2016

Putri, A. A., & Paramita, V. S. (2025). The effect of ESG disclosure, Green Investment, and Carbon Emission Disclosure on the market reaction of energy companies in Indonesia: Analysis for the 2019–2023 period. Sinergi International Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 3(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijat.v3i1.406

Putri, F., & Halimatusyadiah, H. (2024). Indonesia Capital Market Reaction To Green Investing Implementation. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(1), 1311-1332. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i1.3854

PwC. (2023). Global investor survey 2023: Investors want to see sustainability and financial reporting connected. Price water house Coopers. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/c-suite-insights/global-investor-survey-2023.html

Ramadhani, S. F., Cahya, B. T., Irawati, T., & Hamdani, L. (2024). The impact of Carbon Emissions Disclosure, Good Corporate Governance, and Media Disclosure on Investor Reaction. Journal of Financial and Behavioural Accounting, 4(1), 9–18.

Ratih. (2023, Februari 21). Pengertian Kinerja Keuangan: Fungsi, Tujuan, dan Indikatornya. TambahPinter.com. https://tambahpinter.com/kinerja-keuangan/

Rohmah, D. F. N., & Nazir, N. (2022). Pengaruh kinerja keuangan, kinerja lingkungan, sistem manajemen lingkungan, kepemilikan manajerial dan reputasi KAP terhadap carbon emission disclosure. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 2(2), 749–762. https://doi.org/10.25105/jet.v2i2.14485

Rosana, A. M., Holiawati, & Ruhiyat, E. (2025). Daya Tarik Investor Memoderasi Hubungan Growth Option Dan Strategi Bersaing Dengan Kinerja Keberlanjutan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar Index Kompas 100 Periode 2019 - 2023). Jurnal Riset Terapan Akuntansi, 9(1), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15546308

Ruhiyat, E. ., & Kurniawan, M. E. . (2024). Pengaruh Green Accounting, Struktur Modal Dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Dengan Good Corporate Governance Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Jurnal Revenue : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 5(1), 618-633. https://doi.org/10.46306/rev.v5i1.466

Rusmiani, S. N. L., & Rahayu, D. P. (2024). Pengaruh Pengungkapan Sustainability Report Terhadap Harga Saham Pada Perusahaan LQ45 (Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2020-2023). Jurnal Manajemen Dinamis, 2(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.59330/jmd.v2i2.50

Sabbat, E. H. (2021, April 15). Pengertian Capital Gain Menurut Para Ahli. Sahamgain.com. https://www.sahamgain.com/2021/04/pengertian-capital-gain-menurut-para.html

Safelia, N., Haryadi, H., Diah Puspa Arum, E., & Afrizal, A. (2020). Analysis of Carbon Emission Disclosure on Investor Reaction. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 11(22), 112-121.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (8th ed.). Wiley.

Sekolah Stata. (2023, September 17). Pengertian data panel beserta contohnya serta regresinya. https://sekolahstata.com/data-panel/

Setiawan, D., Suripto, S., & Rosini, I. (2024). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility Dan Intellectual Capital Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Dengan Kinerja Keuangan Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Jurnal Riset Terapan Akuntansi, 8(2), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13937629

Simnett, R., Vanstraelen, A., & Chua, W. F. (2009). Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison. The Accounting Review, 84(3), 937–967. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.3.937

Sion, P. (2024). A Literature Review: Teori Sinyal dan Keputusan Investasi. JASS (Journal of Accounting for Sustainable Society), 6(02). Retrieved from https://ojs.stiesa.ac.id/index.php/jass/article/view/1352

Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355–374.

Sujarweni, V. W. (2016). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.

The Conversation. (2024, Juni 13). Kajian laporan keberlanjutan luput mempertimbangkan dinamika internal perusahaan. https://theconversation.com/kajian-laporan-keberlanjutan-luput-mempertimbangkan-dinamika-internal-perusahaan-230658

Utami, Y. (2024). Analisis Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Berbasis Sustainability Reporting Terhadap Reaksi Pasar Jangka Panjang. Bisnis-Net Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 7(2), 789-798.

Vergil, H., Mursal, M., Kaplan, M., & Khan, A. U. I. (2024). The Causal Relationship between Public Investment in Renewable Energy and Climate Change Performance Index. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 15(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.17308

White, G. I., Sondhi, A. C., & Fried, D. (1998). The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Widarwati, E., Rohmah, N. N., Wityasminingsih, E., Nurmalasari, N., Apriandi, D. W., & Sopiawadi, M. (2024). Green Investment and Firm Value: Does Corporate Governance Matter?. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 25(3), 1156–1174.

Widiatami, A., Khasanah, N., Nurkhin, A., & Aeni, I. (2024). The Implication Of Profitability As A Moderating In The Relation Of Environmental Certification And Financial Performance To Market Reaction. Jrak, 16(1), 65-76.

Wooldridge, J. M. (2013). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (5th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-20